Do you still think you need to be connecting to everyone in Social Media? After Farmville and Mafia Wars, the biggest games on Facebook involve your data.
Friending Strangers on Fakebook(Note: The sequel is now live)
Identity Crises
I’m connected to many different circles of people from different times in my life. I’ve got connections to work, to church, to hobbies, and to places I’ve lived and gone to school. Also, because I spent so many years on the air as a TV reporter, I’m fairly recognized in the area where I live.
When I get requests to connect on Facebook, I can tell pretty much at a glance how I might know someone. If I have 40 mutual friends who are all classmates of mine from Idaho, then I can figure out who it is quickly. If it’s 20 mutual friends all from one of my TV employers, I can also zero in.
I’ve turned down hundreds of requests in the last couple of years, and I’ve been called nasty names for doing so. In all of these instances, it’s been a blind approach from someone I’ve never met, who just happens to be connected to 30 of my friends in the media. It’s clear that they don’t know any of these anchors, reporters, editors or columnists — they are just grabbing as many “local celebrities” as they can. (While I am flattered to be a “local celebrity,” I’m also a little insulted that I would have no value other than being another digit in someone’s online Pokemon collection.) NOTE: If you just say “Hello,” that makes a world of difference.
Maiden names are also an issue. When a friend from high school sends an invitation, with a picture of her kid and an unfamiliar surname in the profile, I can be lost. That’s where the personal introduction can help, and lacking that, the Mutual Friends comparison for context.
Ghosts From My Past
About a year ago, I got a friend request from a woman named Cindy Robertson. I didn’t remember her, but she and I shared more than 30 friends, all of whom were movers and shakers in Birmingham. They were not all media people, so it wasn’t the “Pokemon Syndrome.” I went ahead and added her.
Over time, I noticed she was adding a lot of friends. I’d get notifications that she was friends with 20 more people, all here in Birmingham. Many were friends of mine.
A couple of times, I clicked on her name to see if I could figure out a little more about who she was. Oddly, she never added new links, or commented on other people’s items.
I started to get paranoid, so I created a new Friend List called “UnTrust.” People on my UnTrust list would get even less access than people who weren’t even logged into Facebook. I locked her out of everything I could. Including the list of my friends.
Then I went back through her timeline. All the way back. And in months of activity, I found exactly FOUR times when she made a comment. It was always in response to something another person had placed on her wall, and it always included a little “:)” at the end.
I wondered about who this is, and what he/she is up to.
Project Sherlock
I spent some time cataloging what I could of this profile.
The more I saw, the dumber I felt for not seeing it earlier.
But before I outright accused someone of being a fraud, I wanted some other opinions. I reached out to six of my “common friends” with Cindy, and I picked six that I knew didn’t know each other. I asked them if anyone knew her personally, or had met her. And I asked them to look at the profile with the same rigor. Nobody knew her.
I also told them about my UnTrust list, and I’m pretty sure they quickly created that privacy setting for themselves.
I then confronted “Cindy Robertson” through email, Facebook Chat and the Facebook Inbox. I got no answers, but was instead blocked from seeing her profile.
The Evidence
Fortunately, I’d already compiled an archive of screen captures.
Let’s start with that status update:
Her profile does indicate that she likes to run. Look at her personal information. (Remember, these screen caps were taken several months ago, prior to Facebook changing all the rules about “Likes.”)
I found it highly interesting at the time, as she listed “Alabama Football” as an interest, yet went through the entire period from the SEC Championship Game to Alabama’s BCS National Championship without mentioning it at least once.
Let’s look a little closer at her personal life, as reflected in the stream.

Shortly after joining Facebook, Cindy listed herself as single and mentioned her job working for Texas Instruments.
Then she started decorating her downtown Birmingham loft.
Please note the gratuitous use of the smiley-as-period-replacement. We’ll see that again later, such as in this very rare update, indicating a rather masculine pursuit:
A female football fan who doesn’t mention football, but goes hunting instead? There’s really no evidence she was out much of anywhere, save for a couple of Facebook Events she clicked on. (Look at the descriptions of the parties below… tell me if they’re indicative of compatible interests… then hold on to that thought, because we’ll stitch it all together shortly.)
Every Picture Tells a Fiction
Her photo albums were quite revealing.
We’ll start with her good fortune in getting “In a Relationship” even though she’s been hard at work for Texas Instruments, traveling to Atlanta for seminars, going to late night Mayhem with the Naked Eskimos Concerts, followed by another Friday night of Latin dancing.
Or maybe she met her beloved while not watching Alabama football, or while freezing her butt off in the deer stand.
Do you think he sits at the end of her bearskin rug, massaging her feet while she reads him the Cosmo quiz?
No. She’s got to take care of her kids. To the Albums!
That “Kids and Family:)” album shows some promise. What would we find in there?
Looks to me like at least four different children. Not a bad looking brood for a single mom under the age of 30!

Maybe she’s making some side income on the residuals from her children’s pictures.
The one with the happy naked baby wearing the orange and hot-pink knit cap? It’s a stock photo that’s been used on dozens of websites. (Here is the reverse image search from Tin Eye if you haven’t seen enough of him yet.)
If you have any doubt, the boy in the red hat was in kindergarten back in 2002, when this picture was submitted to iStockPhoto by Erick Jones.
Also, why all the pictures in the snow? I’ll buy a trip to see grandma and grandpa up in Buffalo, but how come there’s no indication in any of the pictures about where they were taken? (We didn’t get THAT much snow in Birmingham.)
As an aggregate lie, these little lies add up to at least four children for this under-30 single mom who has time to hunt, date, go to parties and out of town on business. It’s a good thing she’s always on the go, too, because her digs are looking rather sparse.
I’m fairly certain that if you wanted to give Tin Eye another couple of runs at those pictures, you’d find them online elsewhere. I don’t have to. As a reporter, I did several stories about the resurgence of Birmingham’s downtown loft district, and can tell you that none of them look like that. They all take advantage of older architecture, and rustic brick walls. They are beautiful in a historic way, and do not resemble the “Do-it-yourself Surgical Theater” in the IKEA catalog.
The rest of her wall photos (yes, just two of them) are also revealing in their lack of revealing anything.
The generic box might contain “Do-it-yourself Oxygen” from IKEA, gift-wrapped in time for the holidays. But the failure to cut out the title from the “Yoga Community” banner is just an outright lack of effort. Shame on you, fake Cindy.
The Confrontation
Loaded with the screen captures (even more than shown here,) I decided to ask the world’s foremost expert on Cindy Robertson. I started with the email address associated with the account, the very apt cindyrobertson22@gmail.com. (Gosh, did I just share that email address publicly?)
Heh.
After several innocuous inquiries spread over several days with no response, I caught the little green dot that meant she was online and available on Facebook Chat.
I figured that she’d respond to a question about living in the lofts downtown. After all, she had been so kind as to share her home with us in pictures, and listed several hobbies and interests that would indicate she might know something.
“I’ve got a friend who is interested in moving downtown, just checking on experiences.”
As you can see, she bailed on the chat session without a response.
Finally, I resorted to Facebook’s Inbox. Maybe if she’s just too busy, I can catch her for a volley of messages in between things. I initiated a thread on January 7th, just before Alabama’s national championship game. She answered late that night, but didn’t respond to my follow-up. (Note… she also didn’t talk about the results of that game, anytime between January 8th and January 26th, at a time when many female Bama fans were so giddy, they wrote they’d gladly leave their husbands for Nick Saban.)
Notice the nice, thoughtful and pensive picture on her avatar. It’s there in the morning. But a couple of hours later, she responds and then blocks me. (At the time, I was getting time-stamp discrepancies when posting with my mobile phone.)
I’m pretty sure she’d never been interviewed, either. Until now. And the last thing I saw was the smiley.
The Game of Access
I’ll never know for sure who is behind the fake Cindy Robertson account. But I have some educated guesses, based on the clues presented.
First, if you’re going to do a bogus profile, it’s got to be a woman. You can parlay that maiden-married name confusion into a lot of additional Friend Request acceptances from people who just aren’t quite sure, or can’t turn down a girl with a pretty face.
Second, it helps to leverage existing friends. Fake Cindy reeled me in, then went through my friend list to seek out others. In doing so, he/she was trucking on my reputation to get others to accept. I don’t know how many people clicked “Yes” simply because my face was there along with other friends in common. (And if you’re one of them, I’m sorry.)
What is this perpetrator after? Information. Not identity theft stuff. Here’s my theory. We’re looking for a man in the Birmingham metro area who is involved in real estate. Look again at the interests to the right. We have both “Real Estate Investing” and “Flipping Houses” listed. One presumes the sort of money an under-30 single mother would likely NOT possess, the other is expressed in a very masculine way. Women tend to refurbish or restore homes. Men “flip” them.
Also… not to sound terribly sexist here, but “Motivational Seminars” and “Anything by Zig Ziglar” are not in the XX-Chromosome camp. She/he might as well have included Rush under the Favorite Music. (Although, having been to see Rush recently, I’d bet the concert was less of a sausage-fest than a Zig Ziglar book signing.)
Add it all up, and the profile points to a male in his 40s or 50s, who works in real estate and can’t spell either “Forrest Gump” or “Steel Magolias.” He also thinks women should end all of their sentences with smiley faces:)
Why would he bother creating a fake profile and becoming friends with literally thousands of middle-to-upper income people in Birmingham?
Wait, did you really just ask that question?
Most people aren’t aware of Facebook’s quite robust search feature. You can search for people, pages, applications, and posts across all of Facebook.
Or, you can narrow your search results to the network of Friends you have built.
You know… that rich database of thousands of well-off, upwardly-mobile people in your target demographic and exact geographic location. That network you worked so hard to build.
Every day, you go in and you mine that network for keywords like “moving,” “yard too small,” “new job,” “relocation,” “real estate,” and God only knows what else works. When you find those people, you mail them a flier, or some other seemingly innocent contact that just by fate happens to land in their laps at the exact moment when they might actually want to find a competent real estate agent.
It’s brutal in its genius, as it is ruthless in its ethics.
So, you want to know why I stopped accepting each and every generic invitation on Facebook and LinkedIn? You want to know why I am a little suspect about “mutual openness” and “reciprocity” and the Kumbaya Chorus of Social Media? You want to know why I think Mark Zuckerberg is a child, playing around with incredibly powerful technologies while harboring ridiculous idealistic fantasies about Total Transparency and a post-Privacy culture?
I won’t answer those questions. Go ask Cindy.
(…or find Renee Brantley, the star of the sequel.)

















Argh. Now I feel it necessary to go through my entire facebook friend list and make sure I don’t have any fakes. I’m usually pretty careful, but she (he) is good – really good, so now I’m scared.
And great investigative reporting – I’m quite impressed with your ability to totally stalk a stalker. Nice.
Rachel, Thank you! And I strongly encourage that search.
As you go through, make use of the Friend List feature. Put every single contact in at least one list. Then, as you carefully add new people, make sure they go on a List as well.
These days, when I am not sure about someone, they go straight to UnTrust, which gives me the permission to peruse more of their profile without giving up mine. I can always take them off and move them to another list later.
OUTSTANDING POST IKE.
You are making a tremendous point. I’m not sure anyone really knows WHY this is so dangerous. That’s why I only friend people I truly know in real life. You have underscored my resolve to keep my networks separated and my Facebook friends guarded.
Leigh, at times I feel like we share a brain.
And yes, this is the very thing I’ve been hinting about. The last couple of weeks of posts have been laying the groundwork for this one.
Great post! Good investigation! I refuse to friend anybody I don’t know. I’m glad you did — and the went through the effort to document the experience. Thanks!
Thank you, Tracie. Please spread the word — your data is more valuable than you think.
I’m hiring you as my personal detective, Ike. That simple. You had me hooked, beginning to end.
I can think of few whose compliment would carry as much weight. Thank you.
(Sometimes, the hardest thing is to get out of the way of a compelling narrative and let it tell itself.)
wooooooot…ya finally did it! Thank you for posting this. Maybe some people will finally wake up.
Deb, thanks. I probably need to go and alert the others now that this is up.
You don’t specify how many Facebook friends are in your first-degree network, Ike, so let me play Devil’s Advocate and ask how many other Cindys are there.
Off the cuff, I’ll guess she stands alone. If it takes one person out of 100, 1000, whatever the number, to cause you to look into every little detail, then go crazy. But what difference does it really matter, Ike? She’s faking things up; report her to Facebook and let them investigate. Or, block her and leave everything be; why go through hoops and ladders and write an entire blog post about a bogus person?
I’m sorry you found out the hard way that everything on the internet is not real, but I’ll continue opening my online networking strategies because I am a believer that for every 1 fake person there are thousands of real people — and it the real people I care about.
Ari, I’m glad you want to be open.
But when you encourage others to open to every embrace, you are creating an even more fertile field for the Users and the Deceivers.
And no. She doesn’t stand alone. Not long after Cindy arrived, I got an invite from another woman with questionable profile, no relevant pictures, and an email address that first the FULLNAMExx@hotmail.com template.
I’m not sad about this, nor am I “finding out the hard way.” I am sounding the bells and alarms for the people who really want to trust others, and couldn’t conceive of such a scam. Too many people think their data and daily humdrum is inconsequential, and as such they share too much.
If 1,000 people read my post and only one changes habits, then I’ve done my job. It’s the thinking, discriminating and conscientious people I care about.
I hate the Pokemon collector types. Being marginally internet famous in the geek world means I get my share of these random friend requests from people who assume that because they read my blog, they should get access to my personal life. I usually reply with a link to my fan page and mention that I’d be glad to talk with them there.
I don’t have a Fan Page, although if I was still on the air I would.
I’ve been out of TV for nearly seven years, and still get recognized in the grocery store. That’s fine, and I try to be as gracious as I can. It’s humbling. But I can’t pretend a stranger is a long-awaited friend.
And I can’t assume every stranger has altruistic motive.
Such plants can be an attempt to artificially pollenate the conversation on the web. What is kind of scary is that no matter what side of an issue you come down on, we are making it much easier to be spoon fed our opinions, and considering how dirty some of the hands doing the feeding are we could to well to be vigilant.
You’ve got your own metaphor sprouting there, Mr. Birdwell.
Care to plant that seed elsewhere, and see where it grows? 😉
I’m not sure I’ve read a better post, Ike. Ever. Holy craptastic.
Pardon me while I go share this with every person I know.
Excellent work. Figures. You’re a reporter :))) <— sorry, couldn’t resist
Shelly
@shellykramer
http://v3im.com
Thank you, Shelly!
Let’s not forget the “ex” part in ex-reporter. I have a better life now.
And thanks for spreading the word.
So Cindy knows you too!! Ha ha..
I worked half my life as a photographer, and if the profile pic on the friend request didn’t make me pause, when I saw the pics of “her kids” I made like a baby and headed out.
I’m glad you friended her and went thru the process if for no other reason than to write this post and maybe enlighten a few people.
Hey Randy!
Let me know what “Cindy” thinks about this post. Think you can post it on her wall?
Um, wow. Good work, sir.
Since I pretty much hated high school and don’t care to re-live it, I’ve always kept Facebook fairly locked down. Nearly all of my friends are either family members or people I know in real life. There are a handful of “social media friends” on there, but even those are people I’ve met or had extensive contact with off-network. And I have a “limited profile view” list for people I want to be friends with but don’t really want looking at my photos and info (the handful of people on there can only see my info tab and profile picture.
The Alabama Football thing was clearly a tipoff. If Georgia won the National Championship, my Facebook wall would be insufferable for at least a year afterwards.
Yeah… you’d think that our reputation as the most arrogant fans on the planet would have triggered some type of update about the Championship.
But that was one of many nails in that coffin.
Holy cow. Nice detective work. Retweeted this (thanks @redheadwriting) to spread the word. The last thing we need is more creepy-internet-stalker types wandering into our friend lists.
Susan, thanks for stopping by!
You’re right… we don’t need to encourage these sorts of shady games by enabling it with our desire to be touchy-feely.
Outstanding post! I fell victim to the lure of Facebook games at the beginning, which created an opportunity to extend my network (200+ “friends” Only 50 of which I only knew, or had talked to before). I have seen some very scary things since then from these contacts that I never knew. I’ve been meaning to go through and play clean up, but haven’t really prioritized it. Until now. Powerful stuff here, and great Investigative Journalism!
Also, hat tip to Erika for RT’ing this for me to catch!
Mike, if nothing else I’m glad I was able to reignite that fire to do some due diligence.
Clean out that list, and let us know if you find anything unsavory. (Put them on an UnTrust list first, and grab all the evidence you can.)
Thanks!
Wow, Ike. I’m speechless. You had me hooked until the very end. I just had to know what this Cindy character was up to. Admittedly, I’m a trusting gal. However, I do guard my Facebook network pretty carefully and feel confident I don’t have fakes out there. But, this is certainly good to be aware of. I use the list feature – it’s great. I just wish it wasn’t so cumbersome. I use it when I add new people, but I’m sure there are friends I don’t have listed. Another item for the to-do list. 🙂 (smiley intentional!)
Thanks for sharing your investigation with us, Ike!
Thanks, Laura.
When Facebook launched Groups, it mentioned that only 5% of users knew about Lists. Please help me spread the word, because Groups can’t replace what Lists can do with protecting you from being deceived.
Yikes! Yep, she was on my Facebook list. Now I just feel…ewww…gross…used…wanting to put mental antibacterial soap on the screen of my Mac.
This is a wonderful article and one I am going to post link on my Facebook page for others to read. If you get friend request from any of those people, do me a favor…pass.
ps: In going to delete her, she has mysterious disappeared.
Really!?!
I’m not surprised. But I also believe there are multiple profiles at work, designed to be “attractive” to different demographics. It’s only good marketing.
Thank you, Nanci!
Great piece Ike. Never knew you were a TV reporter and you could easily have a career as a detective.
Seems like Cindy’s account was a lot of work for what little benefit s/he might have gotten out of sending out a well-timed flyer.
I get a lot of requests from people I don’t know too, also with no “hey, we met at a conference last year” or “hey I read your blog” note attached.
At first I’d spend a half hour trying to figure out how it was that I could possibly know this person. Then I started writing them to ask how it was we knew each other, claiming a poor memory for names.
Never got a single response to those emails.
Now, I just turn them down if I have no idea who they are. I figure if it’s someone who actually does know me, they’ll send a note asking what it was they did to offend me.
Hasn’t happened yet.
Again, great research job and writing.
Thanks, Alan.
Unlike my TV days, this story took more than 8 hours to put together. A lot of time and patience, and even after the de-friending, a lot of due diligence to make sure I wasn’t mistaken. Spread the word.
This was a fantastically documented research project/article. So glad you took my FB friend request this past week! LOL!
Again, *loved* this!
[I’ll try, TRY, to keep the smileys to myself. Though, I at least add a nose. 😉 See?]
Thanks for stopping by. And please share it with people you know, show them how to use Lists in a smart way!
What I don’t get is why?
I am quite vigilant about blocking on Twitter so that protects me from spam, I don’t do a lot with FB other than respond and allow my Twitter feed to xpost. But I still don’t get why? What do people get out of it?
It is as much of a mystery as the Spam comments I see on my blogs.. none of which ever get posted, Why?
Even with Spam and the failure rate, enough gets through to justify the expense.
I have my reasons to suspect a realtor here, but there are many other professions that rely on personal relationships to drive sales, and I wouldn’t discount the chance that some of them have made a science out of gaming these marginal differences in what they know and what their competitors don’t.
Great post — thorough detective work — and really good message that more people need to learn. I do take issue with the very last paragraph about social media and transparency, however. I’d hardly agree that “Zuckerberg is a child, playing around with incredibly powerful technologies”, or that he has “ridiculous idealistic fantasies about Total Transparency and a post-Privacy culture”. If anything, his understanding of certain problems as having a social solution that can leverage the crowd (e.g. tagging photos) is underrated.
The problem isn’t the service or network. There’s nothing about the platform itself that requires you to have a thousand “friends” (those ridiculous games on top of the platform are another matter). People feel a need to have as many as possible, because it’s a social status symbol. Perhaps Facebook shouldn’t say how many friends someone has?
Jeff Jarvis has some great thoughts on transparency: http://www.buzzmachine.com/
and this recent post on Fast Company has an interesting take on the generational differences:
http://www.fastcodesign.com/1662490/nussbaum-among-gen-y-the-facebook-backlash-has-arrived
Alec, I see your point, and I clarified my stance in the next post.
Please check it out, and thanks for commenting!
I’ve had a similar thing happen with Twitter Ike. Depending on the keyword used (which a Twitterer would not be aware of until later), I’ve gotten a near-instant response in the form of either a re-tweet or reply from them.
With Facebook, it seems much more personal. It is actually but if we aren’t vigilant with our information, bad things can happen other than a flyer received in the mail.
Good post Ike. I’ve grown to expect nothing less from you. Now, will you please take me off that UnTrust list of yours? 😉
I don’t think these are bots. There are actual humans pulling the strings, IMO.
And you are right… the measures to protect you against these minor issues can save your hide against the big ones.
(How did you know you’re on UnTrust?)
This is very creepy…as I was reading it I was getting chills. I’ve got my lists and I checked them twice, but it is hard to keep up with them when you get a surge of new friends (or are feeling lazy). I guess no more lazy days for me when it comes to social media!! And, it’s making me re-think my use of the smiley face, although I always give mine a nose: :o) hmmm, to find a replacement…
This is the kind of stuff I try to warn my teenage son about. He may not still fully grasp the reality of the situation, but at least he now has the sense to edit who he friends and keeps his wall private.
Thanks for your investigative work!! Well done.
The best thing you could do is find a great source for staying up to date on Facebook Privacy and Security issues.
Keep yourself informed, then show your son everything you learned.
Thank you!
Interesting read. Actually it wasn’t until I read an article on Engadget about FB Lists that I even started to use it without as much worry about privacy. Still though you have to be diligent anytime FB decides to change things. They make it very easy to share our lives but it is sure not a ‘set it and forget it’ service.
Lists are only effective if you keep using them. It’s a habit with me now, EVERY single new add goes onto one or more lists.
Thanks for coming by!
What an informative & well-written post, Ike! Does make you think. I’m not a FB frequenter, only get on my page occasionally & now I’ll have to go back & look at all I’ve befriended. A lot know me from my blog, but I now have a Fanpage too to send them to. Great work on uncovering all of that!
I think I saw you at an AL game a few weeks ago, sitting right down from me & my hubby. Now I can’t remember which one.
Thanks, Rhoda!
I’m pretty sure it wasn’t me at the game… I haven’t seen Bama play in person in years. (I am getting to see them plays the Vols in Neyland Stadium, though!)
Roll Tide!
Ike, I knew there was some other reason I added this blog to my feed other than enjoying your posts at Cafe Hayek.
One thing that I feel ought to be mentioned, if the game is trolling for real estate information, one profile isn’t going to be terribly efficient. Check your profiles for others that share this theme. Each profile may be targeted at a specific market. It’s duplicitous to be sure, but it’s a brilliant means of targeting specific markets for leads.
Thank you, Michael. Glad you stop in from time to time.
There are other “Cindy” profiles out there. I’ve got another one on my UnTrust radar already. She also uses the FULLNAMExx@gmail.com pattern in her email address. And they would have to be targeted at either different demographics (or are being used by different realtors who went to the same seminar.)
I’m pretty selective in my acceptance of friend requests on FB-meaning that I only “friend” people with whom I’m sure I’ve had some degree of human contact IRL.
Not long ago, against my initial inclinations I accepted a Friend request from someone whose name I didn’t recognize but we did have several friends in common. As it turned out, I don’t know this person IRL but several of my friends really do know this person. And she’s a real person who’s not trying to get info from me or sell me something.
So it has worked out OK but….I do have some friend requests from folks I can’t ID. So, for now, those requests are in limbo.
Based on your experience (which I heard you speak about a few weeks ago), I’ll continue to be wary.
When in doubt, ask.
And don’t be afraid to get a second, third, or fourth opinion.
Glad to know you, in real life even!
great post. I tell people that when they friend me, they’ve got to leave a note explaining how we know each other.
Great policy. Simple, and it works.
Thanks for coming by!
Responding to you as Mr. Isaac? Sounds like an off-shore customer service rep for Verizon…I’m guessing someone from India who is harvesting information to later hijack accounts and spam. In my area (predominantly Indian) that is the typical greeting, Mr. and first name, when you aren’t personally close to someone.
My account was recently hijacked, so I left facebook.
If “genuine” were the criteria, how many actual “friends” would we have really? A handful if we are truly blessed. The Web makes mockery of that fact.
– Amanda
I’ve always quibbled with the word Friend in this context, because it comes loaded with a horde of assumptions that don’t translate to what these relationships truly are.
Thanks!
Very nicely written article, Isaac. I’m going to share it on FaceBook with my 200+ legitimate friends, all of whom I either know personally or online or who are related/married to someone I know:)
I expect no less.
And like I said before, we knew each other before Mark Zuckerberg could spell either “face” or “book.”